Past And Present Challenges Facing Wardens Criminology Essay

Past And Present Challenges Facing Wardens Criminology Essay Wardens are responsible for the organization and operation of prisons. To accomplish this, prison wardens are usually assisted by several deputy wardens, typically one each for management, custody, industry, and treatment programs. One of the main goals for them is to promote public safety and to insure the safety of inmates and staff inside. However, wardens also tend to face outward in their daily duties, dealing with politicians, administrators in the central office of corrections, the media, and interest groups (Allen, Latessa, Ponde, 2010). A complex job, wardens are trained both as correctional officers and administrators. George A. Neotti is the warden at Donovan State Prison in San Diego, California. He is responsible for 4,400 inmates and 1,700 staff. Mr. Neotti claims that disciplining employees and making them do what must be done to enforce the prisons rules is one of the biggest challenges in his position. Another challenge is budget cuts. Since we all know prisons are p aid with the public funds, and Neotti has to use these funds appropriately and responsibly to operate the prison. Unfortunately because of budget cuts, many prison programs have been significantly decreased or have totally disappeared. Among these are substance abuse programs, educational programs, and vocational programs. Neotti has faced in the past and is currently facing many lawsuits against him by inmates, he challenges threats among inmates and employees at the prison. He also deals with contraband such as drugs and cell phones. He said that heroin, cocaine, meth contraband is often smuggled in by mail or visitors, volunteers or even employees, often through the rectum. This really jeopardizes the employees safety, for prisons can be quite violent. Another big and complicated challenge is the overcrowding of prisons. Even though many new prisons have been built throughout the nation during the past 20 years to accommodate the growing number of inmates, prison overcrowding is still very much a reality in many jurisdictions. Some of the most crowded prisons are those in federal system, which recently stood at 34% over capacity (Schmalleger, 2010). To fix this problem, lawmakers across the nation are trying to save money with a drastic potentially dangerous budget-cutting proposal releasing tens of thousands of convicts from prison. Among these inmates include drug addicts, thieves, and even violent criminals (Schamalleger, 2010). If officials acknowledge that the idea carries risks, then why are they doing this? Do they not have any other choice? They must find a better way to manage the overcrowding in prisons instead of just releasing them. The appropriate sentence or punishment has to be equally proportionate with the crime c ommitted, but if punishment is the intentional infliction of pain on a person that is convicted of a crime, what is the appropriate punishment for a criminal behavior? There are several types of punishment in criminal law. A guilty defendant is punished by either period of incarceration in a jail or prison, a fine paid to the government, or in exceptional cases, life in prison or even death penalty. Crimes are divided into two broad classes: Felonies that have a maximum possible sentence of more than one year incarceration, and Misdemeanors that have a maximum possible sentence of less than one year incarceration. Defendant can be found guilty or not guilty. The purpose of in criminal punishment has divided into two schools that have battled for five centuries Retribution and Prevention (Samaha, 2008). Wardens and administrators will continue to face many challenges among jails and prisons until they find a solution for a better life among inmates, employees and volunteers members. Correctional Officers In the past, staff members were called guards. Today, if we call correctional officers guards, it is more likely to offend them. According to Allen at al. (2010) Correctional Officers represent women and men charged with control, movement management, and observation of the inmates in jails and prisons of America, they also found that by 2007, more than 250,000 uniformed custody staff members were working in state, federal, and local adult prisons in America. Harold Lilly, who worked for the North Carolina Department of correction from 1950-1986, stated that in his early career, prisoners used to work on the roads, ate and slept, and that was it. There was no classification, no rehabilitation; there was a state law that every prisoner must work preferably on the highways and thats what they did. He also mentioned that todays correctional facilities are complex because among other things they provide substance abuse treatment, medical services, job training, education and other rehabil itative programs. He concluded that in this complex environment, correctional officers who play a critical role in the safe and secure operation of todays correctional facilities have replaced the old guards. In the past, correctional officers did little documentation. For example, if they locked and inmate up, they reported it verbally to the captain on duty. They did not write reports. Harold (2005) said that in old days, you had what you referred to as a guidebook. Today correctional officers must follow standards, policies and bureaucratic regulations and obligations for corrections staff members. If correctional officers use force today, they have to do an official report with videotapes and corroborating evidence along with it. The training programs are more drastic than before even that this career does not require a degree, correctional instructors should explain the mission of the training, which is to protect the state from further inmate litigation, and they should inform their students that future responsibility for courtroom resolutions rests with corrections personnel (Allen at el. 2010). In my opinion Correctional Officers must obtain a higher education than just high school or a GED. Having a degree in sociology or criminal justice helps to obtain positive values and understand the meaning of this position leading to accomplish the goal, but the state must increase the salary to encourage people to pursue this career but because the cost for training programs are very expensive, and also correctional officers with a lack of education or knowledge tend to resign this position within a year or two, this salary will continue to be very low. Correctional officers are the ones that interact with inmates 24 hours a day, and an increase of violence, due in part to a rise in prison gangs, put many officers in the trenches or our nations prisons; prison violence, crime, and drug trafficking are ways of life for most inmates in high-custody prisons (Allen at el. 2010). According to Beck T. (2005) in the old days, a guard told a prisoner what he wanted him to do and that was that. Today, a correctional officer must be able to understand and enforce a complex system of rules and regulations. Beck also stated that in the old days, a guard might inflict corporal punishment if an inmate disobeyed an order. Today, an officer must be able to diffuse potentially dangerous situations without the use of force. Beck concluded that in the old days, guards orally reported the days happenings to the next shift. Today, an officer must document significant incidents in a specialized computer database. Punishments and Remedies To make punishment efficacious, two things are necessary. First, they must never be disproportioned to the offense. And second, they must be certain. The differences between civil law and criminal laws are as follow: Criminal Law: Those found guilty of violating the criminal law are punished. Retribution: the oldest justification for punishment is to satisfy peoples need for retribution that is an act of moral vengeance by which society makes the offender suffer as much as the suffering caused by the crime. Prevention: looks forward and inflicts pain to prevent future crimes. There are four kinds of prevention. General Deterrence: a goal of criminal sentencing that seeks to prevent others from committing crimes similar to the one for which a particular offender is being sentenced by making an example of the person sentenced. Special Deterrence: a goal of criminal sentencing that seeks to inhibit criminal behavior through the fear of punishment. Incapacitation: prevents convicted criminals from committing future crimes by locking them up, or more rarely, by altering them surgically or executing them. Rehabilitation: the attempt to reform a criminal offender. Rehabilitation Seeks to bring about fundamental changes in offenders and their behavior (Schmalleger, 2010).

Family structure in the United States Essay

During WII nuclear families were the most common family type. Men were the main breadwinners and the women stayed at home, taking care of the children. This has now shifted to shared and even reversed roles, as dual-earner families are also on the rise. Since WWII, there has been a rise in types of families such as extended, single parent and step. â€Å"Of all the households in 2005, 57% were couple families compared with 70% in 1971. The biggest fall has been in couple families with three or more dependent children† (Fisher Et Al 2012) There are many reasons why family structures have changed since WWll. The biggest factor has been divorced, with a dramatic increase from only 339 divorces in 1971 to 2,360 in 2015 (nisra.gov.uk 14/09/17). There are now approximately 1.7 million lone-parent families in Britain making up about 25% of families. This was due to the Divorce Reform Act of 1969 taking force in 1971. The social stigma of divorce was no longer as big an issue and financial independence is now increasing for women, making it easier on women to leave their husbands (www.theguardian.com). This devalued marriage, with many choosing not to legally marry. 36% of adults in Northern Ireland remain single (NI Census, 2011). Cohabitation is on the increase, with almost 6 in 10 babies being born to either unmarried parents or a single mother. The numbers are greatest in Belfast and Derry (The Belfast Telegraph, 23/9/15). Cohabitation during and after WW2 would have been seen as unforgivable with hardly any couple doing so. Lots of factors have changed to make couples living together out of wedlock more relaxed. There has been a decrease in social stigma and a decreasing church influence, with only 1 in 10 people now regularly attending church (www.bbcnews.co.uk). However, Northern Ireland has the highest level of churchgoers in the UKwww.faithsurvey.co.uk. Only 36% of marriages take place in church comparing to 1960 when all marriages took place in a church (www.stp.pembrokeshire.sch.uk). The introduction and accessibility of contraception have had an influence on family structures. This has had a major effect on couples starting their families, especially if they are concentrating on building their career. According to BBC News (4/12/11) in Britain in the 1960’s, the pill was available only to married women who felt their families were complete. By 1974 all women, including those who were single could have the pill prescribed. When contraception was more widely used it affected the UK by couples having smaller families. They were able to plan if and when to start and family and how many children to have. The NI Census shows a reduction in the average household size from 2.65 in 2001 to 2.54 in 2011. Many couples are now childless. The Sunday Times magazine (Christina Patterson, 20/10/13) backs up this information stating that â€Å"It is estimated that, by 2018, 25% of British women of childbearing age will never have a baby†, and this increases to a th ird of women with degrees. The dependence of women working in WW2 and the suffragette movement meant that the roles of women changed significantly and by the 1960’s, 38% of women were employed (www.bbc.co.uk). The equal pay act was passed in 1970 giving women their rights, however, according to ONS statistics on average, women are paid over 19% less than men. Followed by the Sex Discrimination Act, then shortly after women finally won the right to 14 weeks’ maternity leave in 1993 and more in recent years. These acts allow women to work in within a working environment fairly and being paid the same as men which means that single parents have a better opportunity of coping on their own rather than being having the stress of finding a partner (www.bbc.co.uk). Statistics back this up by stating that there are now approximately 1.7million lone parent families in Britain – this makes up about 25% of all families (Fisher et al 2012) There has also been an increase in families based on same-sex civil partners as a result of legislation in 2004. The first same-sex civil partnership took place in Belfast in December 2005. The number of same-sex marriages in Northern Ireland from 2005 to 2015 have gone up and down throughout the years due to media portrayals. In 2005 there were 12 same-sex marriages increasing to the highest number is ever been in 2010 at 116. The numbers have decreased since then to 89 in 2015.

A Fools Manual to Philosophy of Biology Essay Samples

A Fool's Manual to Philosophy of Biology Essay Samples Philosophy of Biology Essay Samples Can Be Fun for Everyone Their group of lazy, unqualified writers will likely make you pay for a sample essay that may easily be located on the web free of charge. This advice will help you not just to stop particular hazards that you may face while reading eBook frequently but also ease you to take pleasure in the reading experience with amazing relaxation. It's a fact that there are a great deal of sites out there which promise their potential clients top-class papers. If you are searching for assistance with your essay then we provide a comprehensive writing service given by fully qualified academics in your area of study. Our normal essay examples are free while our custom essays can be bought at fair rates. An essay usually means an in depth writing on a topic. When you would like a well-written essay that resembles the example philosophy essay on the website, you will need to unders tand how to start it. The sample philosophy essay will direct you about what to do. The reach of a biology essay is truly wide. You must be sure that research is related to your theme. Perhaps the most usual problem that students have, when they're assigned an essay, is they aren't even certain how to start. Speak about your subject of essay by means of your professor and choose. It will be useful to have an amazing eBook reader to be in a position to have a wonderful reading experience and higher excellent eBook display. You ought not take advantage of the eBook constantly for a number of hours without rests. The process for purchasing a customized essay is so straightforward. You might need to mention examples from each one of the categories below. Thus, they all need timely expert help. You might also need to incorporate any new ideas or strategies you need to try. Any borrowed information ought to be referenced according to the referencing style needed by the tutor. In here you'll observe examples on various subjects in some specific formatting style s and of distinct kinds of essays. Within this regard, the function of the web and processes happening when socializing online person undergoes are not yet been discovered. Don't be concerned about a number of them being rather abstract their primary aim is to reveal to you the basic principles that you'll have the ability to transfer to your own writing. This section was made to help all those suffering from this task and offers short but effective guidelines about how to steer clear of mistakes in citation and formatting and produce your work easy-to-comprehend. Therefore, applying philosophy to language provides the language itself a completely new meaning. This date might be delayed by one year in the event the candidate has had or adopted a kid. French proficiency would thus be helpful for everyday life, but isn't mandatory. In the majority of states, a passing score has to be earned before the teacher education graduate may apply for their teaching license or certific ate. Philosophy of life will differ between each individual. When you try to find a sample biology lab file, the very first thing that you ought to pay attention to is the degree of its originality. Biology research paper topics need a lot of research, analytical abilities, exceptional formatting abilities and appropriate mastery of the appropriate content taught in a standard classroom setting. The very best method is to order your college or higher school biology lab report at our site, since this is how you are going to receive a paper of the maximum level within the established time frame. It's not difficult to become high grades in your Biology term paper if you know the fundamentals and you're not terrified of making just a little work. Things You Won't Like About Philosophy of Biology Essay Samples and Things You Will I think that no 2 people will have observed life in the identical way. To kill an individual is the best evil one man can cause to another, because it' s not reversible and, in reality, brings the presence of a man as we know him to a conclusion. However, such isn't the case for all people. In summary, it's obvious that all individuals utilize philosophy in day to day life, whether they know of it or not. Philosophy of Biology Essay Samples and Philosophy of Biology Essay Samples - The Perfect Combination From the hypothesis, scientific methods can be utilized to check the hypothesis. For a very long time scientific outcome, methods, assumptions, and hypothesis have yet to be verified as true or falls. Philosophy of science is crucial in the area of medicine. Provide sufficient theory together with practical outcomes. We've got several writing experts who possess the proper skills to take care of interesting biology topics. Proceeding to manage your controversial biology topics under such condition may indicate you will do it beneath a lot of pressure. It's been common for individuals to think about those from different societies to be somehow different and inferior. The reason you're doing this with these subjects is because all of them are just general ideas, and you must narrow down the subject to create your essay a lot easier to write.

The Impact of Digital Technology on the Film Industry Essay

The Impact of Digital Technology on the Film Industry The purpose of this research assignment is to put forward a convincing argument in how digital technology in the last four years have completely revolutionised the whole film industry. This thesis will attempt to focus on the main disciplines of film making and the impact that technology has had on each area. Firstly, this article will look at recent changes in the pre-production area of film making followed by what new equipment and storage facilities are being used during film production. Next is arguable the biggest transformation in the film industry as a result of technology, namely the post production stage. New methods of film distribution are explored followed by the†¦show more content†¦The most significant impact of technology within the industry has arguable occurred in the post production area of film making. Nowadays hand edited films are nearly non-existent as a result of the birth of non-linear technology created by Avid. This process involves taking th e film and putting it together in a virtual environment where both the director and editor view the output on a screen (Culkin Randle 2003, p.8). Films are not only created in digital today, but the whole process has been digitalized, from the distribution all the way down to the projection of films to audiences. However, the lack of standards and commercial agreements between distributors and exhibitors has slowed down the conversion to digital technologies. For example, only 170 cinemas around the world have converted to what is known as high-end digital (Culkin Randle 2003, p.9). Profit margins for movie studios are reported to be decreasing. However, new breakthroughs in digital production and distribution will help counter the declining profit margins. Satellite delivery of feature films to cinemas have recently made its debut and reports indicate that upon full implementation of using this method of film distribution can save the film industry in excess of US$700 million per annum (Markman Vega 2001, p. 1). A major obstacle facing the film industry at late is that technology has also provided a way for the piracy of copyrighted material to becomeShow MoreRelatedThe Impact Of Digital Technology On The Film Industry1966 Words   |  8 PagesThe Impact of Digital Technology on the Film Industry â€Å"Lights, camera, action!†, the director shouts at the beginning of a scene. Over the past decade, digital technology has changed the way we see films. From animations to documentaries, in today s age the digital world has started to change how movies are created and produced today. For example, Star Wars was the first to use computer generated special effects while Disney s Tron in 1982 was the first movie to use high resolution imagery. SevenRead MoreThe Negative Impact Of Digital Technology On The Film Industry1594 Words   |  7 Pages Digital Technology has taken over the world. We are now in the era where the access of digital technology is used at a frequent rate. As a result, digital technology has developed a major impact on the film industry. The transformation of the use of digital films has created a result of new advancement within technology, such as HD, 4K, 8K, and 3D films. With the birth of these visual technologies, it has created an eye-catching experie nce for the entertainment of the audience. Although the developmentRead MoreThe Effect Of Convergence On The Cinema Industry1459 Words   |  6 PagesINTRODUCTION: The cinema industry was the premier industrialized form of mass entertainment to be introduced to the world by mankind. Back in the earliest years of the 20th century, going to a theatre was considered an elite thing. It’s growth sprouted across the western countries as the most rapidly increasing profitable industry, even during the war times (Wright, 2012). For more than a century, it has served as a social hub. As we entered into the modern era, the cinema industry had to adhere withRead MoreAn Investigation into the Social Aspect of Digital Cinematography1420 Words   |  6 PagesTitle: An investigation into the social aspect of digital cinematography. Motion picture was developed in the 1890’s and exploded in popularity over the next 40 years. This was mainly due to it being a new form of audio and visual entertainment. Theater was popular because it was a marvel of modem technology, relatively cheap, and, above all, provided patrons with an escape from their difficult lives. It means the everyday men and women now had a place to go to relax and be entertained. This gaveRead MoreKodak And The Digital Vision779 Words   |  4 Pagesthe digital technology world. However, their failure to implement the technology caused them to be behind its competitors. Although Steven Sasson invented the digital camera while working for Kodak in 1975, top management never believed in the technology (McAlone, 2015). Sasson told the New York Times â€Å"It was just a matter of time, and yet Kodak didn’t really embrace any of it. That camera never saw the light of day.† (McAlone, 2015, p.2). Kodak decided to implement a plan for the digital visionRead MoreKodak And Its Impact On Kodak1508 Words   |  7 Pagesreputation, and having a broad market in terms of coverage. However, the process of globalization led to an increase in competitors in the market, an aspect that had a negative impact on Kodak as a company. From a technological perspective, Kodak was not willing to make changes even as the industry shifted from analogue to digital and this led to the failure of the company and a declaration of its bankruptcy in 2012. Management Challenges that led to the Failure of Kodak I. Introduction TheRead MoreThe Typical and Traditional Form of Marketing a Film Towards an Audience803 Words   |  3 PagesFilm companies have excelled in how well they can and are able to distribute and market their films and this is because of the introduction of new technologies. These technologies include: Official websites and blog sites, press and public previews, online competitions, phone apps and social networking sites. The typical and traditional form of marketing a film towards an audience would be in the form of film posters and trailers but as technologies have advanced so has marketing methods. For exampleRead MoreDigital Convergence Impact On The Film Industry1410 Words   |  6 Pagesshort periods of time because of digital convergence. Just in the past decades it has become much more advanced and useful for people all around the world. There has been an extreme advance in media technology, especially that used in film industry. This includes the creation of analog-to-digital co nverters, technology convergence, and the changes in the media industry and audiences. In this article, I will analysis how digital convergence impact on the film industry structure, forms of consumptionRead MoreImpact Of Digital Media On Cinema1690 Words   |  7 PagesFoster 2011). These changes can be observed through the ways films are promoted and exhibited have also been affected by the use of digital media. The following sections will provide a detail analysis of these changes. Tryon (2009) examines the transformation of cinema to the digital form. The proliferation of new portable technologies sparked the debates about the changes in the film industry. On the one hand, there are concerns that digital media and home entertainment systems threaten the futureRead MoreCase of Movie Industry1106 Words   |  5 Pagesthe movie industry? What problems have these forces created? What changes have these problems caused the movie televisions studios to make? Some competitive forces have challenged the movie industry such as – †¢ Treats of new entrants †¢ Substitute Products or services †¢ Increasing bargaining power of customers †¢ Increasing bargaining power of suppliers †¢ Rivalry among existing competitors Those are the major forces that have challenged these industry and these